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Effect of Oxadiazon Herbicide on Physiological, Biochemical and DNA Damage in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)This study conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of a widely used oxadiazon herbicide,on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling (15 g). The 96-h LC_50 was determined, and the growth performance, serum biochemical and hematological parameters, DNA damage of erythrocytes cells, as well as histopathological changes were also determined in fish exposed to sublethal concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) of the herbicide for 30 days. The 96-h LC_50 to C. carpio was found to be 3.9 ppm. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) were decreased, while food conversion ratio (FCR) increased in the exposed fish groups (P< 0.05). Erythrocytes cells of fish exposed to 1, 1.5 and 2 ppm of oxadiazon showed DNA damage (21.3%, 22.9%, and 28.4%, respectively), significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, exposure to oxadiazon significantly decreased WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct as well as serum albumin, glucose, and total protein levels, while serum ALP was significantly increased in the exposed fish groups (
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Synthesis of Ferrous Bis-glycinate chelate and its influence in Blood Factors of Cyprinus carpioFerrous Glycine Complex is a special form of chelated ferrous reported to be effective in anima improvement resulted from iron deficiency in adults, adolescents and children. To synthesize ferrous glycine complex, primarily glycine is solved in water and sodium hydroxide, then iron sulfate is added in it and the obtained solution shall be added to Ethanol to form ferrous glycine complex sediment. The resulted sediment is filtered and dried in drier. In the present study, iron cation is combined with glycine ligands and formed glycine-iron complex. Objective of the present research is to study changes in blood factors of 120 Cyprinus carpio were fed with average mass of 12 ± 1.16 gr. and average length of 7.17 ±0.29 cm for 14 days, and then influenced by sub-lethal dosage (4.5, 10, 12.5 mg/g) of edible glycine-iron complex in Cyprinus carpio food, and all were biometried after anesthesia, then they underwent depletion from their tail. The obtained results demonstrated that blood factors of H.C.T., Hb and R.B.C. in high dosage of complex in proportionate with blank and terms more than testing have had meaningful increase (P<0.05). White corpuscle, lymphocytes, monocytes and heterophile under influence of ferrous glycine complex had no significant difference statistically in proportionate with blank and terms more than test (p<0.05). M.C.V., M.C.H.C, M.C.H. and blood were completely different among testing and blank groups (P<0.05). Ferrous glycine complex were entered body of Cyprinus carpio and influenced on blood fish. Oxygen supply can improve tissues which led to increase of activity and hyperemia in fish and may act as a booster which affect immunity and defense system and cause reinforcement of this system, and resistance of Cyprinus carpio was increased against types of diseases.
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In vitro study of the effects of Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) on the liver,gill and kidney tissues,comet Assay and oxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase),in roach (Rutilus rutilus) from the Caspian SeaIn this study, the effect of MTBE on liver, gill and kidney tissues, as well as comet assay and oxidative enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase in (Rutilus caspicus), have been investigated in laboratory conditions. For this purpose, the substrate concentrations of 50, 100.150 mg / L MTBE on changes in liver, gill and kidney tissues, as well as the rate of destruction of blood cell DNA and, finally, the effect of this contaminant on the activity level of oxidative enzymes catalase And superoxide dismutase the blood serum was studied based on sampling done on days 7, 14, 21 days after exposure to MTBE. To quantify the changes, Casp 1.2.3 bar1 software was used. Data analysis using SPSS software (Ver.21) was used for plotting the graphs from Excel 2013 software. According to the results between the concentrations of MTBE There is a positive and significant relationship between the SOD and CAT enzymes (P<0/01). In this way, with increasing MTBE, the activity of the SOD and CAT enzymes increases compared to the control group. The results of histological studies showed that the tissues exposed to MTBE were damaged and damaged, as well as the DNA of the cells. The blood was destroyed and damaged. The severity of injuries was higher at higher concentrations and over time.
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Synergist and Non-synergist Survey of Nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, CuO) Acute and Chronic Effects on Artemia , Daphnia and Barnacle by Using Non-continues Bio-assayIn this study, toxicity and probable effects of nanomaterial’s including titanium dioxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide in acute and chronic toxicity tests, separately and together has been studied on indicator species of water resources, including Daphnia magna, Amphibalanus amphitrit, Artemia fransiscan .Acute toxicity effects has been studid During the 96-hour and chronic toxicity test done in 14-day period (Artemia franciscana and Amphibalanus amphitrite) and 21 days (Daphnia magna), in exposure to Nano-materials separately, and the percentage of two nanomaterial’s and all three Nano-materials to study synergistic effects. Water quality parameters including DO, pH, EC, temperature, water hardness, SS and TDS in all treatments were measured, daily. The number and percentage of daily mortality recorded and by using Probite software LC50, LC10, LC90 were calculated. In chronic toxicity tests other parameters including larval development success, fertility, the percentage of adhesion to surfaces (barnacles) were recorded. Daphnia magna acute lethal toxicity LC50 96h for exposure to titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles, were 123.796, 0.648 and 2.991 mg/ l respectively, and for barnacle were 25.434, 143.776 and 2.501 ml/l respectively, and for Artemia were 30.548, 173.209 and 4.328 mg/l, respectively. Statistical analysis and correlation coefficients in acute toxicity test showed a significant correlation between mortality and time. In Acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna was found that titanium oxide and zinc oxide enhances the effects of mortality caused by copper. However, titanium dioxide and zinc has no effect on these at the same time not increasing. In the case of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide showed the synergistic effect on the toxicity of copper oxide, and copper oxide, titanium dioxide has a synergistic effect in toxicity. In Artemia titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, has the synergistic effect of copper oxide and copper oxide have the synergistic effect of titanium dioxide. In chronic toxicity studies in addition to mortality, the percentage of adhesion (Barnacles), success in the development of the larval stages, reproductive success, respond to light, were analyzed. These nanomaterials have an adverse effect on fertile time, delay and time spent in the larval stages of species, light respond and swimming in this species.
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Diversity of Coral Reef Fishes in Larak Island, Persian GulfJournal of Animal EnvironmentThe coral reefs are one of the most important and rich ecosystems in the world and are considered as major habitat for different species group of fishes. Fourteen islands are found in the northern Persian Gulf including Larak Island of which the coral regions around this island were determined and then for sampling, 6 stations were randomly selected by Manta Tow method in July to December 2010. The identification was conducted using Visual Census technique in 6 stations. A total of 54 species belong to 41 genera and 23 families were identified and amongst them the abundant species group belonged to Pomacentridae family with 11 species. The results indicated that however the stations were far from urban area; the species diversity has been higher.
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Extraction and evaluation of gelatin from yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) skin and prospect as an alternative to mammalian gelatinOne of the mainly valuable consumed colloid proteinmaterials in pharmaceutics, medical and food industries is Gelatin. Fish gelatin near warm water is similar mammal gelatin. Due to the amount of catch of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) use in factory. Fish skin is peel off and wasted in factory every day. Analysis factors were extracted alkaline method gelatin from skin, physiochemical and rheological test (amino acid composition (HPLC), electrophoreses, fourier transform infrared, moisture content, pH, setting point , setting time, melting point and melting time, color and gelatin yield) with access method of National Iran Standard. Prepared gelatin nanoparticles from gelatin with desolvation method. Determination of particles size, size distribution, zeta potential for characterize the surface and morphology. Antibacterial assay with disc diffusion method and determined MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC(minimum bactericidal concentration) for Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. For nanoparticles gelatin antibacterial assay (MIC and MBC) turbidimetry. Statistical processing were linear regression and modeling and forecasting regression. Albeit antibacterial compared gelatin and gelatin nanoparticles.It produced 0.034g gelatin for one gram of yellowfin tuna. Yellowfin tuna had higher gelatin content (Proline and Hydroxyproline) than mammalian gelatin content. SDS-electrophoresis for yellow fin gelatin showed protein band (α, β, γ) same as mammalian protein band. Fourier transform infrared had the same spectra for both of them. Factors were pH (6.1), Moisture (8.5%) Setting temperature and time respectively 4(°C) and 60(s) and Melting temperature and time respectively were 50(°C) and 45(s). The color was transparent. The mean size of the gelatin nanoparticles was 132 nm and PI (polydispersity) and zeta potential were respectively 0.248, -31 MV. pH, speed of addition of acetone, percent of glutaraldehyde depends on size of nanoparticles gelatin. (Statistically significant was P<0.05). Gelatin nanoparticles had antibacterial in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus while gelatin had antibacterial Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nanoparticle gelatin had higher MIC and MBC than gelatin. Statistically significant was P<0.05. Antibacterial assay for gelatin particles has evaluated for foodstuffs packing and it may use drug delivery. This kind of gelatin is lawand similar mammalian gelatin. Antibacterial properties are more useful for usage in foodstuffs packing and may using drug delivery.
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Mass coral bleaching in the northern Persian Gulf, 2012Scientia MarinaCoral bleaching events due to elevated temperatures are increasing in both frequency and magnitude worldwide. Mass bleaching was recorded at five sites in the northern Persian Gulf during August and September 2012. Based on available seawater temperature data from field, satellite and previous studies, we suggest that the coral bleaching threshold temperature in the northern Persian Gulf is between 33.5 and 34°C, which is about 1.5 to 2.5°C lower than that in the southern part. To assess the bleaching effects, coral genera counted during 60-minute dives were categorized into four groups including healthy, slightly bleached (<50% bleached tissue), mostly bleached (>50% bleached tissue) and fully bleached colonies. The anomalously high sea surface temperature resulted in massive coral bleaching (~84% coral colonies affected). Acropora spp. colonies, which are known as the most vulnerable corals to thermal stress, were less affected by the bleaching than massive corals, such as Porites, which are among the most thermo-tolerant corals. Turbid waters, suggested as coral refugia against global warming, did not protect corals in this study since most affected corals were found in the most turbid waters. The 2012 bleaching in the northern Persian Gulf was relatively strong from the viewpoint of coral bleaching severity. Long-term monitoring is needed to understand the actual consequences of the bleaching event on the coral reefs and communities.
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Outbreak of growth anomalies in coral communities of Qeshm Island, Persian GulfInternational Aquatic ResearchReports on the outbreaks of coral diseases are on the rise, stating that diseases are considered to be one of the main drives in the decline of global coral reefs. In this study, the outbreak of growth anomalies (GAs) in coral communities of the south of Qeshm Island in the Persian Gulf is reported. Despite a previous report on the localized GAs on a few colonies, this is the first report of GA outbreak from the Persian Gulf, in which 28 ± 11 % (±SE) and 21 ± 13 % of P. daedalea and Porites colonies contracted GAs in July 2012. A year later, we recorded GAs on 37 ± 07 % of P. daedalea and 23 ± 12 % of Porites colonies. Pearson’s correlation test showed a strong positive relationship between coral colony size and the number of GAs (r = 0.907, p\0.05). Further investigation is needed to understand the cause of GAs, their progress trend, and prospective impacts on the coral communities at our studied site.
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Competitional settlement of brown alga Iyengaria stellata and soft coral Zoanthous sansibaricus on muddy and muddy-rubble intertidal substrate in the Hormuz islandFisheries Science & TechnologyThe effect of substrates on the surface cover by the soft coral, Zoanthus sansibaricus, and the brown alga, Iyengaria stellata, and their competitional condition, was compared in Hormuz Island by estimating of coverage area in 40 quadrates (50×50 cm). This soft coarl (Zoanthid) is a dominant species in the island’s intertidal zone and I. stellata is a dominant macroalgea most of the year. Significant negative correlation (p<0.01; r =-0.607) revealed competition between the two species for settlement on the two substrates. Soft coral with 61.7% coverage was dominant vs. 16.8% for brown algae on muddy-rubble substrate, but on sandy-rubble substrate, the brown algae was dominant with 37.8% coverage vs. 19.5% for the soft coral. It seems that better competitional conditions in settlement on unconsolidated substrate have some advantages for Z. sansibaricus.
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Coral reefs and community around Larak island (Persian Gulf)Caspian Journal of Applied Science ResearchField surveys pertaining to coral reef studies were performed from November 2010 to August 2011 around Larak Island in the Persian Gulf. The Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method was applied to record biotic and abiotic components of the coral reefs at two sites around Larak Island: North East (NE) and South West (SW) with two stations per site. Mean "Live Coral Coverage" (LCC) and “Dead Coral Coverage” (DCC) at SW 21.74% ± 1.92%, 4.58% ± 0.65%and NE sites were 5.69% ± 0.54%, 35.64% ± 3.28% respectively. Dead Coral Coverage was more prevalent in the NE than in SW. Based on Mann-Whitney U-test LCC and DCC showed significant difference (p< 0.05) among these two sites, (p< 0.05); The Kruskal-Wallis test also showed significant difference (p< 0.05) among four stations within two sites. This study indicated that coral communities of the NE site have been more destroyed by human impacts such as municipal run-off, breakwater construction, trap fishing, over-fishing and several other human activities.
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Identification and assess anthropogenic impacts on species richness of coral reef fishes in Larak Island, Persian GulfInternational Journal of Marine ScienceCoral reefs are amongst the most important and rich ecosystems in the world and are provide habitat for a diverse range of species groups of fishes and invertebrates. Larak Island is one of fourteen islands found in the Persian Gulf which was selected for this study. The reef fish distribution around this island was identified and then for sampling, six stations were randomly selected by Manta Tow method. The identification was conducted using visual census technique in all stations. A total of 54 species belonging to 42 genera and 23 families were identified and amongst them the abundant species group belonged to family Pomacentridae with 11 species. The results indicated that further the stations were from an urban area higher species richness was.
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A Study on Diet Composition and Feeding Habitats of Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775) in Coastal Waters of Bandar AbbasJournal of Aquatic Animals and FisheriesThe diet composition and feeding habits of Sillago sihama , were studied in the northern Persian Gulf restricted to coastal waters of Bandar Abbas within 14 months period, from July 2007 up to August 2008. Biometrical and anatomical measurements were carried out, and biological surveys were conducted on 572 specimens (238 Male and 306 Female). These samples were collected from coastal waters of Bandar Abbas by pool and line and Moshta. The measurements of the minimum and maximum total lengths and weights were 10.6 to 45.5 cm and 8.58 to 196.27 g, respectively. The calculated level of (R2) (correlations of total length & weight), indicated correlations between length and weight of this fish, and b was 2.75 that shows the growth is isometric. The results indicated that this species, having the Relative Length of Gut, RLG = 0.47± 0.15, is carnivorous. Examining the changes in the index of stomach emptiness by the percentage of CV = 59.88% indicates that this fish is Moderate feeder. Proven by the fact that benthos was taken as principle food, Crustacean, Shrimps, and fish as secondary food and other kinds of food as random. Among the food items, benthos, crustaceans, razor clam, crab, shrimp, fish, polychaetes, oligocheata, clams, shells, detritus, hermit crab, crayfish, were 59.15, 12.82, 6.22, 5.99, 5.91, 3.09, 2.55, 2.05, 0.83, 0.56, 0.46, 0.20 and 0.16 respectively. The level of feeding increased in February, before spawning and decreased in May, simultaneously with the spawning season.
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Nudibranchs from the Northern Persian GulfJournal of the Persian GulfField studies were conducted in a number of intertidal and offshore islands in the Persian Gulf between 2006 to 2013. SCUBA and skin diving surveys were conducted around Larak, Hormuz, Qeshm, Hengam, Farur, Kish, Lavan, Khark and Farsi islands in the northern region of the Persian Gulf. Marine invertebrates including nudibranchs were photographed up to 32 m. Several species of nudibranchs are reported from the northern region of the Persian Gulf, over the Iranian side. In total, 32 genera of nudibranchs are recorded, which include Fryeria rüeppelii, Haminoea sp., Chromodoris annulata, Gymnodoris rubropapulosa, Cuthona yamasui, Hypselodoris maridadilus, Glossodoris pallida, Glossodoris sp., Asteronotus cespitosus, Marioniopsis viridescens, Stylocheilus striatus, Jorunna funebris and Elysia sp. were recorded from several Iranian Island in the Persian Gulf. The most common species was Chromodoris annulata throughout most of the surveyed islands, but Haminoea sp. was highly abundant and conspicuous species only in Farsi Island. Except for G. pallida, Glossodoris sp. and C. annulata, all the above species are considered new records for the northern region of the Persian Gulf, but Bursatella leachii, M. viridescens, Phestilla lugubris, Discodoris lilacina and Haminoea sp. are new records from the Persian Gulf proper. An increase in several new records to the Iranian fauna and new records of rare species, in relatively few years results mainly from sampling effort and contributions by specialists on samples of poorly known sampled areas. Prospects for finding new and more species are promising given more diving operations are carried out.
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Mass Mortality of Porites Corals on Northern Persian Gulf Reefs due to Sediment-Microbial InteractionsInternational Journal of Marine ScienceLittle information is available on coral diseases in the Persian Gulf; however, in the recent years, reports of coral diseases increased in particular from Iranian side of the Persian Gulf. In this paper we report a White Mat Disease resulting in mass mortality of Porites colonies at Hormuz Island. This outbreak infected 96% of all Porites colonies and killed 58±30% (mean ± SD) of all Porites tissues.
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Evaluation of tidal bores effects of Persian Gulf on the stage-discharge curve of the Karun RiverJournal of Marine Science and TechnologyThe rivers that pour to seas and oceans are known as tidal rivers. A governing factor on tidal rivers is tidal bores which are produced by the gravity of moon and sun. Reflection of waves from beaches and the shape of beaches and effects of shallow water, effect on tidal bores in the mouth of tidal rivers. These factors convert tidal bores from time periodic condition to no periodic condition. Tidal bores move to upstream of river while fluvial flows go toward downstream of river. Because of combination of Tidal bores and fluvial flows, hydraulic and hydrologic conditions are very complex in the tidal rivers. Measurement of velocity and discharge of current is impossible in the tidal limit of tidal rivers. For determination of stage-discharge curves, an especial method is needed. In this research, water surface elevation is estimated by using discharge of fluvial flow in Ahvaz and tidal height in Khoramshar in tidal limit of the Karun River (from Khoramshar to Darkhovein). Water surface elevation is shown by structural curves and regression relations. These curves and relations are suitable tools for determination of water surface elevation in the tidal limit of the Karun River by using discharge of fluvial flow in Ahvaz and tidal height of Khoramshar.
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Efficiency of fishing gear used for king fish fishery with the emphasize on gill nets in Oman Sea- coastal waters of Sistan and Baluchestn ProvinceIranian Scientific Fisheries JournalEfficiency of various meshes of gillnets and trolling gear was investigated for catching kingfish (Scomberomorus commerson) in coastal waters of Sistan and Baluchestan province in 2007. In gillnets with mesh sizes between 57 to 110 mm and netting of monofilamnet and multifilament, the size distribution of kingfish ranged between 40 to 78 cm of fork length, which all specimen caught were immature. In mesh size of 146 mm and 171 mm, the length range of the species was larger, in which the frequency of immature fish for the respective mesh sizes was 19 and 11. In general, most fish was captured by wedging in the all mesh sizes. The size range of kingfish captured by the trolling was between 52 and 147 cm, of which more than 50 percent of caught fish were immature. The proportion of kingfish catches in the gillnets of 57-110 mm mesh sizes is about 13% of the total catch composition, for which the mesh sizes are considered as the dominant gillnets for capturing the species in this area. The conribution of kingfish catches in 133, 146, and 171 mm mesh sizes was 1.1, 52.3 and 18.9% respectively, with a 146-mm mesh size is considered as a dominant gillnet for this species. The implementation of the ban on the use of 57 to 110 mm mesh sizes for exploitation of kingfish is mandatory, which the mesh size of 146 mm and above seems to be appropriate for responsible fishery of the species. However, recommendation of standard mesh size needs to be re-examined in field trials.
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Effect of galacto oligosaccharide prebiotic on growth performance, survival and several of innate immunity parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvaeIranian Scientific Fisheries JournalPrebiotics are non-digestive food ingredients which beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and activity of health-promoting bacteria in the intestinal tract. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of galactooilgosaccharide on the growth performances, survival and several of innate immunity parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae for 60 days. In this experiment, 360 of larvae (with average weight of 0.13±0.01g) in 4 treatments and 3 replicates (n=30 in each replicate) in a completely randomized design was divided and fed with diets containing 0, 1, 2 and 3 percent galactooligosaccharide respectively. The present results showed that highest WG, SGR and PER were observed in the diet containing 2 and 3 percent of dietary galactoologosaccharide which had a significant difference compared with other treatments (p<0.05). The highest, survival, total protein, albumin and globulin levels were observed in treatments containing 2 percent of dietary galactooligosaccharide which showed a significant difference compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Finally, the present results suggest that diets containing 2 percent of dietary galactooligosaccharide could improve growth, survival and innate immunity responses of rainbow trout.
