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Metodología para la evaluación de riesgos sanitarios ante la contaminación fecal.

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Author
Delgado Gómez, Y.
Miravet Regalado, M.E.
Date
2009

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Alternative Title
Methodology for sanitary risk assessment in case of fecal pollution
Abstract
La contaminación fecal es un peligro de origen antrópico que amenaza la zona costera fundamentalmente. En Cuba, los esquemas regulatorios para el control de la calidad microbiológica de las aguas de uso recreativo han estado basados en un único “valor límite permisible” que define si un área es apta o no para el baño (NC 22:99). Sin embargo, esta norma no permite evaluar el nivel de peligro, vulnerabilidad y riesgo sanitario al que se expone la población ante un determinado grado de contaminación fecal, por tanto, en este trabajo se propone por primera vez en Cuba, una metodología que permita evaluar el nivel de peligro, vulnerabilidad y riesgo en una zona marino costera ante la contaminación fecal. Según la concentración de coliformes fecales presente se estableció cuatro categorías de peligro (baja, media, alta y muy alta). Teniendo en cuenta las características oceanográficas y número de bañistas se propusieron tres categorías de vulnerabilidad. Por último, a partir de una matriz de clasificación de dos entradas combinando las categorías de peligro y vulnerabilidad obtenidas se establecieron cuatro niveles de riesgos (bajo, medio, alto y muy alto) y se validaron las categorías propuestas con datos obtenidos en estaciones costeras situadas en Ciudad Habana.
Fecal pollution is a hazard of anthropogenic origin that threatens mainly the coastal zone. In Cuba, regulatory schemes for microbiological quality control of waters for recreational use have been based on a sole “permissible limit value” that defines whether an area is adequate for swimming (Cuban Standard NC 22:99). However, this standard does not allow to assess the level of hazard, vulnerability and sanitary risk to which the population is exposed when a certain degree of fecal pollution is present. Therefore, this work proposes, for the first time in Cuba, a methodology that allows to evaluate the level of hazard, vulnerability and risk when a certain degree of fecal pollution is present in a coastal marine zone. According to fecal coliform concentrations, four hazard categories (low, average, high and very high) are established. Considering the oceanographic characteristics and number of swimmers, three vulnerability categories are proposed. Finally, from a two-entry classification matrix combining the obtained hazard and vulnerability categories, four risk levels (low, average, high and very high) are established. The proposed categories were validated using data collected in Havana City coastal stations.
Journal
Serie Oceanológica
Issue/Article Nr
5
Publisher or University
Instituto de Oceanología
Resource/Dataset Location
http://oceanologia.redciencia.cu/articulos/articulo55.pdf
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/1834/3388
Collections
1. Serie Oceanológica

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