The present study deals with the fisheries of two Sparid fish species in Abu Qir Bay. Family Sparidae represents about 17 % of the landed catch from the Bay. Among the family; genus Diplodus is generally caught by trammel nets, beach and purse seines but mostly by longlines. Two species of this genus were considered here for study. They are namely D. sargus and D. vulgaris where they represent by about 4.2% of the landed catch during the year 2008 in the Bay (GAFRD, 2008). The length weight relationship of both species under study showed a value of exponent “b” of very slight negative allometry. Analysis of the catch length structure of the two species revealed that the catch of D. sargus is composed of 21 length groups, the least length was 7.5 cm and the biggest was 27.5 cm with mean length 16.16 cm, while the catch of D. vulgaris is composed of 19 length groups starting from 8.5 cm to 26.5 cm with mean length 16.23 cm. The most abundant length group was 17.5 cm for the two species and both have nearly the same mean length. Study of the sex ratio showed that the females dominate the population in both species. The study of condition factor “K” showed that the value of “K” decreases as the fish increases in length and also varies with season. Length scale relationship was found to be linear. Back calculations of the total lengths by the end of each year of life, showed that the rate of growth of D. sargus was higher than D. vulgaris in both length and weight. Thus D. sargus was 11.42 cm total length at age I and reached 25.98 cm total length at the sixth year of age. For D. vulgaris it was 10.34 cm total length ate age I and reached 25.52 cm total length at the sixth year of age.Growth in weight studies show that for D. sargus, the fish was 26.77 gm total weight at the end of the first year of life, while it was 300.47 gm at the sixth year age of life. For D. vulgaris, it reached 18.30 gm total weight at one year old, while it was 267.24 gm by the end of the sixth year age of life. No difference in rate of growth between males and females (Linear and Ponderal). This is true for both species. Besides, the values of Von Bertalanffy parameters were estimated and compared for the two species. D. sargus comprises seven age groups from age group 0 to age group VI as well as D. vulgaris. The most abundant age groups are I and II for D. sargus, while in D. vulgaris it was age group II. The values of total, natural and fishing mortalities for both species were estimated. They were slightly higher in D. sargus than in D. vulgaris. The same was true for the values of growth performance in length and weight (ФL and Фw). The Survival rate was slightly lower in D. sargus (0.34), than in D. vulgaris (0.35). The values of exploitation rates were also higher in D. sargus (0.445) than in D. vulgaris (0.428). The length at first capture was nearly the same for both species (12.51 cm and 12.52 cm “Total length”) for D. sargus and D. vulgaris respectively. The corresponding ages were 1.208 year for D. sargus and 1.42 year for D. vulgaris. Fishes belonging to D. sargus reach 10.43 cm TL when they recruit to the population, while D. vulgaris reach 10.62 cm TL at recruitment. These correspond to 0.81 years in D. sargus and 1.05 years in D. vulgaris. The yield per recruit obtained by the analytical model of Beverton and Holt, 1957 was found to be 27.76 gm for D. sargus and 25.99 gm for D.vulgaris. The biomass per recruit for D. sargus is 57.16 gm, while it is 57.90 gm for D. vulgaris. The estimated yield per recruit and biomass per recruit at F0.1 (Target reference point) were 27.7617 gm and 57.16 gm for D. sargus and were 26.5552 gm and 54.87 gm for D. vulgaris respectively. These values were corresponding to fishing mortality values of 0.486 year-1for D. sargus and 0.484 year-1for D. vulgaris. The maximum yield per recruit (Y/Rmax) for D. sargus was 31.1233 gm which correspond to a value of Fmax= 1.239, while for D. vulgaris it was 29.7867 gm corresponding to Fmax =1.245. At Fmax the percentage of biomass per recruit value to virgin biomass was 16.26 % for D. sargus and 16.09 % for D. vulgaris. The effects of fishing mortality together with age at first capture on the values of yield per recruit were estimated for the two species under study. It showed an increase in age at first capture (tc) has little effect on Y/R in both species under constant value of fishing mortality. Cohort analysis (VPA, age based) represent the estimated values of the population numbers, Survivors, Natural and fishing mortalities for each year of life of D. sargus and D. vulgaris in Abu Qir Bay. It is noticed that, the populations of the two species under study decreased gradually with age, this is due to the exposure to the sequence of natural mortality (which decrease with age too) and fishing mortality (which appeared in different trends in the two species). It showed that, the catch is based mostly on fish of age groups I, II and III in both species under study. On the other hand, the effect of F on Y/R at different values of natural mortality (M) showed that the Y/Rmax value corresponding to higher values of fishing mortality at higher values of natural mortality, for both species. From another point of view, it was found that the value of Y/R decreases as the value of natural mortality “M” increases. This is true in both species. This shows the effect of water pollution on fish production. This study concluded that, the fisheries status of D. sargus and D. vulgaris in Abu Qir Bay reached the target reference point (F0.1) but did not reach the overexploited phase, because they did not reach the limit reference point (Fmax) for the two species under study.

Marine zooplankton and some physical parameters (water temperature and transparency) and chemical parameters (salinity, pH and phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and oxygen) were studied from November 2009 to October 2010, at six stations around Port Sudan. The stations were: Tires Factory (station 1), Fish market (Station 2), Open Sea (Station 3), the harbour entrance (Station 4), the Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries (Station 5) and Sea Land (Station 6). Marine zooplankton was sampled, preserved, stained and identified according to the standard methods. The physical and chemical parameters were determined following standard methods. Fifteen groups of zooplankton (calanoida copepods, cyclopoida copepods, branchyuran zoea, fish eggs, cladocerans, oikopleura, shrimp larvae, sagitta, cumaceans, tintinids, gastropod larvae, radiolarians, napulii, medusae, and polychaete larvae) were recorded from the different stations at different frequencies. The highest number of zooplankton was recorded in May (13430 ind. /m3). Calanoida copepods, cyclopoida copepods were the dominant groups and cladocerans were the least recorded. The highest number recorded in a station was (18998 ind/m3) in station 1 and the least was (5519 ind/m3) at station 6. Multiple correlation analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the total number of zooplankton and the physical and chemical parameters at each station. The correlation was significantly high (p<0.05) in station 4 and low in station 5. A positive relationship was found between dissolved oxygen concentration, transparency and nitrate concentration with the total number of zooplankton. A significant correlation (p<0.05) was found between high salinity and low total number of zooplankton. The study derived a mathematical model correlating total zooplankton with the physical and chemical parameters studied. This model perhaps may be the first of its kind in the Red Sea. The study recommends deriving similar models from other parts of the Sudanese coast and the region, and verifies the feasibility of its application with focus on the physical and chemical parameters with highest impact on marine zooplankton. This will reduce the effort and resources expended in these studies.

The inorganic carbon cycle in the Red Sea has been examined based on various datasets from six different years during the period 1977 and 2007. The study has been performed parameter wise, and the processes biological production/remineralization (soft tissue and hard parts), calcium carbonate sedimentation, air-sea gas exchange, and evaporation/precipitation have been considered. The surface water was relatively warm in the central part of the Red Sea due to wind convergence, and colder towards the south and north due to influence of relative cold Gulf of Aden water and net evaporation, respectively. The surface salinity increased all the way from the south towards the north, due to evaporation, and this explained the major part of the northwards increasing concentration in both surface AT and DIC. The surface AT was, in addition slightly influenced by biological production. Air-sea CO2 exchange was believed to influence the surface DIC, however, this effect seemed to be hidden in the random error of the observed data. For the deep water, the AT concentration was mainly influenced by calcium carbonate sedimentation, while remineralization/respiration could explain the major part of the DIC variations observed. fCO2 was positively correlated to the sea surface temperature. During the period 1977 - 2007, the fCO2 of the water increased at a similar rate as the atmospheric fCO2, however, while the atmospheric CO2 increase had obvious reasons, the oceanic increase most likely was a result of an increase in surface temperature. Air-sea CO2 flux was calculated, and the Red Sea was in general a small source for atmospheric carbon for all years except 1991 and 1992, when the southern parts of the ocean appeared as a large source and the northern part had turned into a small sink for atmospheric carbon. This particular situation in the north was connected to strong NNW wind and subsequent upwelling in the north during these two years.

Pozzolana is a materials that content Reactive Silica with Alumina which defines as Siliceous materials, also include ferroginous materials. In generally, this study aimed to estimate Alternative building materials ( pozzolanic materials ) and create new cementic materials such as Lime-Pozzolana Cement and Ordinary Portland-Pozzolana Cement . The results shows that there is no good and sufficient pozzolanic materials as Obsidian , Scoria, Diatomaceous Earth and Volcanic Ash , but some types of burnt clays and Rhyolite in addition to bricks Reject and miskeet Ash was shown . This study is subjected in Arbaat Delta clay , salloum Delta clay , Rhyolite Rocks , bricks Reject and miskeet Ask as Natural and artificial pozzolanic materials. The identification of above mentioned materials was carried out by using several methods includes Geological survey , Chemical Analysis and X-Rays . and physical properties tests for prepared cementic materials includes setting time , Expansion , Fineness and Compressive Strength . the aim of pozzolanic activily and its Reaction with lime and Ordinary Portland Cement . The physical properties tests of the prepared cementic material such as setting time , expansion ,Fineness , chemical analysis and X-Ray shows that Arbaat Delta clay , salloum Delta clay and bricks Reject are suitable from prepared mixtures Lime- Pozzolana cement (L .P.C) and Ordinary Portland- Pozzolana cement (O .P .P .C), as well as Comperessive Strength results during 28 days which as follows : Arabaat delta clay is 34.4 kN/mm², clay of salloum delta clay is 32.2 kN/mm², and bricks reject is 31.5 kN/mm² as averages of two samples for a mixture lime–pozzolan. As for the Ordinary Portland- Pozzolan cement, the results of the tests the Compressive Strength as follows: the Arbaat Delta clay is 35.6 kn/mm² , 34.2 kN/mm² for Saloum Delta, bricks reject is 32.1 kN/mm².as average of two samples . these result are suitble for pozzolanic materials but less in pozzolanic suitability than those of Obsidian , Scoria , Diatomaceous Earth and Volcanic Ash . Rhyolite rocks and the ash of miskeet trees contain crystalline silica, as was shown in X-Ray results , for this reason they have not a good results in Compressive Strength their results were very weak, where 19.7 kN/mm² and 3.1 kN/mm² respectively as the average of two samples for a mixture lime – Pozzolana cement and 22.1 2kN/mm² and 3.4 kN/ mm² for average of two samples of Ordinary Portland- Pozzolana cement .

The coastal water off Goa is a characteristically interesting marine environment due to influence of the monsoon and upwelling. Studies on the primary productivity and related areas revealed the following results. - Water column is stratified during October and remained well mixed during November. - Hypoxic condition prevailed at the bottom during October but not in November. - Nutrients (especially Nitrate) was low during October (surface) but increased during November. High nutrients remain in bottom largely due to intense stratification during October. - Phytoplankton biomass (Chl a) average was high during October of 2.34 mgm^3 and in November it was as low as 0.62 mgm-3. - Chl a at 30m depth was as high as 1.03 mg m-3 and that of November it was 0.43 mgm^-3. - Primary Production during October (Surface) was 612.62 mgCm-3 day-1 and that in column was 14.96 gCm^-2day^-1. During November surface productivity was 219 mgCm-3day-1 and that of column was 4.13 gCm-2day-1. - In fractionation study picoplankton contributed 35.75% of total Chl a.However, in Primary production picoplankton contributed 92.54% of the total production at the surface during October. Total 46 species of phytoplankton were observed in the study area and major being diatoms (i.e. 33 species) and 13 species of dinoflagellates. Chemotaxonomic studies also indicated diatoms domination in whole sample as well as in fractions of <10 microns dominated by picoplankton.Most importantly the coastal water off Goa remained well stratified during October month and well mixed during November month. Due to this, Chl a during October is high compared to that in November. This is in agreement with nutrient data during October and November months. The sample taken from the 30m depth demonstrated negligible productivity although Chl a is measurably high. The carbon production at the surface water was much more during October (612.62 mgCm-3 day-1) compared to November (219.1 mgCm^-3day^-1). The factors responsible for lower production are water column stability and availability of light in the coastal water off Goa.

The CO2 increase in the ocean due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is of major concern, due to potential changes in future ocean CO2 uptake that might be driven in a direction of relative less CO2 uptake in the future then today and the companying lowering of ocean pH. In this study we investigated the variability of CO2 system parameters, focusing particularly on the pH and how it changes with changes in other parameters like: temperature (T), salinity (S), total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT ), and total alkalinity (AT ). For Arabian Sea the data from the United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (US{JGOFS) in 1995 were used. For the Red Sea data from the Geochemical Ocean Section Study (GEOSECS) in 1977 and the Mer Rouge (MEROU) cruises in June and October 1982 were used. One of the major outcome of this research is: The seasonal and spatial variations in pH and therefore also for calcium carbonate saturation ( Ar for Aragonite and Ca for Calcite) is controlled by biological and physical processes that in turn is driven by the in uence of monsoonal seasons. In winter season the surface average pH, Ar, and Ca in the Arabian Sea were 8.07 0.01, 3.9 0.1 and 5.9 0.2, respectively. A relatively high biological production, due to the winter cooling and mixing caused by the northeast monsoonal winds increase the pH. During summer season Southwestern monsoonal winds caused upwelling along the coast of Oman, resulting in extremely low pH ( 7.9) values causing lower saturation for aragonite (Ar 2.36) and for calcite (Ca 3.62). Because of the strong change in pH, this area might serve as a natural laboratory for studies of ocean acidi fication.For comparison, in the Red Sea, the surface average pH was 8.1 0.02 during winter with higher values in the north due to lower temperatures and high AT and CT . The Ar and Ca were around 4.12 0.02 and 6.2 0.15, respectively, with highest values in the central part of the basin caused by higher temperatures. Summer surface pH was 8.07 0.03, with higher values in the north and the south due to the temperature. In the central of the Red Sea, pH was low due to the convergence (high temperature). The Ar and Ca were averaged to 4.6 0.3 and 6.95 0.35,respectively, with higher values in the south and north. This is attributed to the high biological productivity in the south and the high temperature in the center of the Red Sea. The vertical distributions of Ar, and Ca showed that the Arabian Sea is under-saturated with respect of aragonite below 600 meters and calcite below 3500 m, whereas the Red Sea is supersaturated throughout the water column. In both seas pH was higher in the surface layers due to the consumption of CO2 by photosynthesis, but decreased rapidly in subsurface waters due to the release of the CO2 by respiration processes. Between about 100 and 1500 m in the Arabian Sea pH is nearly constant because decreasing temperatures and decreased oxidation of the organic matter. The temperature e ect on pH is about 0.015 units per 1 C and anticorrelated both in the Arabian Sea and Red Sea. Thus, the 0.5 C warming reported for the Arabian Sea between 1904 and 1994 (Kumar et al., 2009a) theoretically results in a pH reduction of about 0.007. The temporal coverage of the available data is unfortunately too short to verify this assumption.

This thesis studies and estimates interannual chlorophyll-a concentration in the Red Sea water using SeaWIFS, MERIS and MOIDS data. We use the data of Chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) for the period from 1998 to 2009 as well as other physical parameters such as, sea surface temperature (SST), photosynthetic available radiation (PAR), wind and mixed layer depth (MLD) to study what control the inter-annual variations of phytoplankton blooms in the Red Sea. The area under study is divided into three zones which cover the north, the middle and the south zones of the Red Sea. When considering the data seasonally, the CHL-a shows that blooms alwaysoccur in the Red Sea during winter. For each zone, the start and the end of the blooms are different from other zones. During all three zones, the CHL-a is increasing during winter and decreasing during the summer for example, the average high value of CHL-a in the north zone during the blooms is (0.26 mg/m3 ) and the minimum value is (0.14 mg/m3 ). only in the south the blooms started in the summer in September and the highest value of CHL-a during the blooms recored is the south too (0.9 mg/m3 ). The study shows that the physical parameters have effect in the blooms sizes In each zone, significant correlations between CHL-a and some of the physical parameters is found indicating how physical processes may control the phytoplankton blooms in the study area. such as the wind in the south showed up the controloing of CHL-a by the positive correlation that CHL-a and wind had during the blooms (0.740). Interannual variations are computed as monthly anomalies relative to the 1998-2009 monthly climatology. In this way, the effect of co-variation between different variables on the seasonal time scale is minimized, The anomaly data showed clear inter-annual variations in almost all parameter and zones. Strong co-variations between CHL-a and the physical parameters showed that physical process have effect on the interannual changes in the phytoplankton blooms in the Red Sea. Few highly anomalous years in some of the parameters produce a weak long-term (1998-2009) trends. Such as, in the southern zone of the Red Sea when the value of R2 =0.0157 according the high value of CHL-a in 2008 and 2009 approximately 0.28 mg/m3 for both of them. The value of R2 becomes 0.0009 when these two years have been removed.

Red Sea water samples were collected from the Sudanese coast at depths of 10 meter during June 2011 and analyzed for major and trace metals in addition to some inorganic anions. Sodium Na, potassium K, strontium Sr, magnesium Mg, calcium Ca, sulfur S, iron Fe, zinc Zn, manganese Mn, nickel Ni, copper Cu, cadmium Cd, cobalt Co, lead Pb, arsenic As, barium Ba, chromium Cr, europium Eu, lanthanum La, silicon Si, and titanium Ti were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to determine their existing concentration, their distribution patterns, study the level of contamination in the Red Sea Sudanese coastal water, and the data of the analysis was used in the preparation of the Red Sea arti cial water which was used in the photooxidation of 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene to study the salt e ect on the photooxidation of 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene in Red Sea water. tion patterns and. The inorganic anions, sulfate, chloride, and bromide were determined using ion chromatography (IC). The averages concentrations in ppm (mg/L) of major metals , Na, Mg, Ca, and K are 11870.25, 1449.2, 468.967, and 388.955 respectively. The results shown a small range of variation and regional irregularities. The results also revealed a very high concentration of sodium, and high concentration of magnesium and calcium. In addition to Copper and titanium which was not detected or has concentrationbelow thedetection limit, Arsent (As), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Lanthanium(La), and Euribium (Eu) were all not detected, or their concentrations in the Red sea coastal water are below the detection limit of the instrument, hence,preconcentration should be done.The averages concentrations of trace metals in ppm (mg/L), B, Ba, Fe, Li, Mn, Si, Sr, Zn are 4.1935, 0.005515, 0.02524, 0.25073, 0.000085, 0.0656, 7.59765, and 0.006795 respectively. These results revealed . The results shown a small concentration of Sr and this decrease in Sr may be due to the presence of Acantharians. Ba, Sr, Si and Li are not signi cantly di erent in all areas Indicating no distinct concentration gradient. The concentration of iron Fe in Sudanese Red Sea coastal water is high and this increase in concentration can be due to the suspended particles in Sudanese Red Sea because it was not ltered or due to the pollution because also the concentration of Zn in this study is high. The averages concentrations in ppm (mg/L) of chloride, sulfate, and bromide are, 23240.515,3138.26025, and 61.795 respectively. The results show a small range of variation and regional irregularities. Also, the concentration of chloride is signi cantly. The concentration of sulfate is high. Thus, the high salinity of Red Sea coastal water is due to high concentration of sodium and chloride ions only. Photochemical experiments on the photooxidation of 1,8-dimethylnaphthalene (1,8 DMN) under arti cial sunlight and natural sunlight in deionized water, Red Sea natural water, North Sea natural water, and Red Sea arti cial water, revealed that the photooxidation of 1,8-DMN does not occur in the absence of light at 8C unless the temperature of the media is 35 Cor greater. The results shown that the e ciency of the photooxidation of 1,8-DMN is low and depend on the light intensity, and photosensitizes. The soluble fraction from the Sudanese heavy crude oil was identi ed.

Tide gauge measurements recorded at two stations in the Red Sea, at Port Sudan from 1986 - 1994 and at Gizan for the period of 1992 - 1994 are used to analyze the sea level changes and tide along the east and west coast of the Red Sea, using the harmonic analysis (t tide). Meteorological parameters during the same period are used to study the response of the sea level and residual sea level to local and global forcing. The relation between sea level and forces are examined using the correlation and cross covariance analysis. The correlation and cross-covariance coe cients between sea level and sea level pressure at Port Sudan indicate that the sea level responds to atmospheric pressure as non-inverse barometer. The linear trend for the coastal area shows a sea level increases by 1:2 mm per year compared to 5:4 1:2 mm per year decrease for the period 1962 - 1979 at Port Sudan, but in good agreement with global mean sea-level rise of 1:5 0:4 mm per year [12]. Harmonic analysis (t tide) reveals the presence of a semi-annual and the annual components, with amplitudes 5:7 cm and 11:6 cm respectively. The spectral analysis shows the dominant tide at Port Sudan is diurnal tide, and in Gizan is found to semidiurnal tide. The magnitude of the tidal signal at Port Sudan is weak compared to that of Gizan, and that is because Port Sudan is located close to the amphidromic point of the semidiurnal constituent M2.